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TripAdvisor will now flag sexual assault warnings on travel reviews
TRESA BALDAS | DETROIT FREE PRESS Updated 10:49 p.m. EDT May 17, 2019
Jamaica resort rape victim speaks out
The rapes of two Detroit women at a Jamaican resort has highlighted a pervasive problem on the island getaway: sexual assaults are ignored.
After two Detroit women were raped at a five-star resort in Jamaica last fall, neither had any idea how common their horror was.
They didn't know that there were scores of other victims like them. They didn't know that crimes like theirs happened at fancy hotels worldwide, or that 1,100 sexual assaults were cited last year alone in TripAdvisor reviews. That's three tourist rapes a day.
All the Detroit women knew was their terror, until a Free Press investigation revealed a more widespread problem that prompted TripAdvisor, the world's largest travel company, to change how it alerts travelers about sexual assault reports at hotels, resorts and various destinations.
In the wake of mounting public pressure and the Free Press investigation, TripAdvisor announced on Tuesday that it will now add sexual assault warnings on reviews, making it easier to find out which hotels and resorts have been cited for sex crimes at the hands of employees. Rather than have to read through tens of thousands of hotel reviews in search of sexual assault complaints, TripAdvisor users will now be able to click through a filter on each property to see whether there are any reviews with safety warnings involving rapes, robberies or druggings.
The new safety measure, which was announced on Tuesday, comes months after a Free Press investigation found that sexual assaults are a long-standing and unchecked problem in Jamaica and that several resorts have tried to cover it up. Multiple victims spoke to the paper about confidentiality agreements and payoffs by resorts, and reported their assaults on TripAdvisor — though the negative reviews were buried deep on the website and difficult to find.
Related content:
Jamaica resorts covered up sexual assaults, silenced victims for years
Resorts in Jamaica are facing a 'historic' sexual assault problem
That won't be the case anymore, says TripAdvisor, noting it did some digging of its own after the Free Press investigation and made an alarming discovery: In the last year alone, TripAdvisor found 1,100 reviews that referenced sexual assault claims by travelers worldwide.
“When your article hit, we started re-evaluating our policies," said TripAdvisor spokesman Brian Hoyt, noting the 1,100 reviews citing sexual assault raised eyebrows. "One incident is horrible — 1,100 is horrific. Having read through many of these accounts, it really motivated us at TripAdvisor to make sure we do right by these survivors and help them find a way to share this information with others."
Hoyt added: "Your article is a case study for why we are doing what we are doing."
The Free Press investigation also triggered an island-wide security audit of resorts in Jamaica, which is expected to be completed in June.
Victim speaks out
For two Detroit women whose sexual assaults in Jamaica triggered the newspaper's investigation, TripAdvisor's changes bring comfort —but not closure.
"It makes me feel good that something is being done about it. I just wish it could have been done before this situation," said one of the victims, 33, who spent six months in therapy after being raped at gunpoint by an employee at the Hotel Riu Reggae in Montego Bay last September.
This is the part that she really wants to get out — that she was raped in a five-star resort, the one place she believed she was safe.
"Be on the lookout," the woman warns other travelers. "(Crime) isn't just outside your resort. it's actually at your resort, where you feel the most comfortable."
The woman had gone to Jamaica to celebrate her birthday when on Sept. 27, at 11:15 p.m., a gunman crawled up the balcony outside her second-floor room, barged into the room and raped her and her friend. The nightmare lasted for about 15 minutes until the women got hold of the gun and shot the attacker twice before he jumped off the balcony and fled.
The suspect, who was wanted for a string of nearby rapes, was arrested, charged and pleaded guilty. He will be sentenced next month.
For his victims, life has never been the same. The Detroit mother who shot him just returned to work last month. She is still afraid of the dark, of being alone and of having doors open. She has relived the nightmare daily. The first months were the worst.
"It was rough. I had nightmares. I'd get up. And I would have night-sweats," said the woman, noting her fear and anxiety started to rub off on her 3-year-old. "She said, 'Mom, you don't have to be scared. It's okay.' "
The rapes of the Detroit women are now documented on TripAdvisor, detailed in several reviews posted by visitors who were at the same resort that night and heard the gunshots. When you click on Hotel Riu Reggae now, the safety filter shows up. The reviews citing the rapes are there.
The Detroit victim takes some comfort knowing that her ordeal shined light on the sexual violence that continues to harm women travelers, and brought about change.
"I guess I was used by God," she said. "It has to stop at some point, with somebody."
Petition demands change, gains support
Also facilitating change at TripAdvisor is the mounting public pressure over its review platform illustrated by a Change.org petition this week, demanding it make sexual assault warnings more visible to users on its website.
An estimated 500,000 people signed the petition on behalf of a woman named Kay, who said she was raped last October in the Horn of Africa by a tour guide who came with stellar reviews on TripAdvisor. The suspect has since been arrested and charged, and is awaiting trial.
After the attack, Kay tried to warn future tourists by leaving a review on the tour guide's TripAdvisor business page. But her reviews were deleted, she said, and her emails to TripAdvisor received no response for three weeks.
A petition drive followed.
"The world’s largest travel site shouldn’t recommend women hire rapists for their next vacation," Change.org said in a statement. "TripAdvisor needs to know that Kay isn’t giving up until they make meaningful changes."
TripAdvisor does not recommend or rank businesses; all of that is done by users who visit the site.
On Wednesday, Change.org officials tried to deliver Kay's signatures to TripAdvisor's office in New York, but the company refused to accept the signatures, said Juliana Britto Schwartz, an associate campaign director with Change.org.
"No one would come down," said Schwartz, who believes TripAdvisor has "some trust to rebuild with users."
Specifically, Schwartz said that TripAdvisor needs to come up with a way for sexual assault victims to anonymously report their attacks to the travel site, whether it be through a hotline, support center or staffer who talks directly to sexual assault victims. Currently, TripAdvisor only accepts first-person reviews, which critics believe scares some victims away from reporting their crimes.
In Kay's case, Schwartz said, her friends posted reviews about the alleged rape, but TripAdvisor removed them because they were secondhand. Kay's review was flagged because it was anonymous, and it took her three weeks to reach someone at TripAdvisor for help.
"There just isn’t a process and it shouldn’t take this long, " said Schwartz, who commended TripAdvisor for making some changes, but said more are needed.
"There's a piece that is missing," Schwartz said. "If survivors are dis-incentivized from reporting, then information isn’t out there for users who are trying to learn about safety while planning a trip."
TripAdvisor said it has offered to help Kay get her story out.
“We offered Kay to write a review, she turned it down," said Hoyt, TripAdvisor's spokesperson.
According to Hoyt, TripAdvisor took down Kay's first review because it was not written in the first-person, but rather in the third-person. Company policy requires that if people want to write reviews, good or bad, they have to be firsthand experiences, not someone else saying they heard "this or that'' happened to someone on vacation: that amounts to hearsay.
According to Hoyt, Kay is concerned about anonymity, though TripAdvisor has tried to accommodate those concerns, he said.
"We offered to help her set up a second anonymous profile where she could leave a nondescript review of what happened to her, and she refused that as well," Hoyt said. "We've given her multiple opportunities to write. ... If Kay wants to write a review of what happened to her, we'd let her. She has chosen not to do that."
According to Hoyt, Kay wants TripAdvisor to pull the business listing of the person she says raped her. But the company won't do that, he said, because it has a policy to list every tourism business, good or bad, and make travelers aware of what's out there.
"We have a lot of businesses that are poorly reviewed on TripAdvisor and they would love to get pulled. But we have a policy that every business that's open be listed," Hoyt said. "If we pulled bad businesses off the site, it would enable them to operate in the shadows without any transparency."
Related: Jamaica audits resorts in wake of sexual assault scandal
New Jamaica travel alert
The Free Press investigation into tourist sexual assaults started out as a crime story about two Detroit women who said they were raped at gunpoint at a Jamaican resort last fall, but weren't believed by resort staff and police. The gunman was caught and charged — he was wanted for multiple rapes in a nearby parish — though police initially painted the case as a sex-romp gone wrong. Jamaican tourism and police officials also maintained it was an isolated incident and that sexual assaults rarely happen there.
State Department data told a different story: From 2011-17, 78 Americans reported being raped in Jamaica — that's roughly one U.S. citizen raped a month. The victims include a Michigan woman who said she was gang raped by three resort lifeguards, her teenage friend who said she lost her virginity to a resort rapist, a Georgia mother who said she was sexually assaulted in the water by a resort employee and an au pair who said she was drugged and raped at a resort.
The State Department also has issued numerous travel alerts warning tourists about Jamaica, the most recent one in April, which states: "Exercise increased caution in Jamaica due to crime. ... Sexual assaults occur frequently, including at all-inclusive resorts."
But the details of the assaults inside the gated resorts were hard to come by. The State Department wouldn’t release specifics. Jamaican police and tourism officials were evasive.
So the Free Press spent weeks digging through U.S. court dockets and tens of thousands of reviews on TripAdvisor, where it plugged in search terms like “rape,” “assault,” and “sexual assault” to see whether any hotel or resort had been flagged for such crimes.
Though hard to find, the stories were there. Buried within the mountain of reviews, here is some of what we found:
TripAdvisor not new to controversy Safety and Security matter most
TripAdvisor has long maintained that it is a transparent, informational travel platform that for decades has helped people plan vacations using others' reviews — good and bad. However, it caters to travelers and businesses alike: Travelers can post negative reviews, and businesses are encouraged to respond.
The review platform, however, has triggered much controversy in recent years.
In 2017, TripAdvisor apologized to a Texas woman for deleting her review that detailed her rape by a security guard at a Mexican resort. TripAdvisor said the review was removed because it contained graphic language that violated community standards, but that it has since been reloaded on the website and that no reviews alleging sexual assault have been taken down.
TripAdvisor's apology followed a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel investigation that revealed how TripAdvisor had deleted reviews from travelers reporting alcohol-related blackouts, rapes, injuries and deaths while vacationing at resorts in Mexico.
TripAdvisor has maintained that it did not delete any actual first-person reviews, but rather only took down comments that were posted in forums for violating various community standards that no longer exist.
"We understand that traveler needs and safety concerns will continue to evolve, and our platform will, too," said TripAdvisor President Lindsay Nelson. "We also recognize that we won’t always get it right, but we will continue to ask for feedback from our community and make changes as we go."
Nelson said informing travelers about safety issues is a top priority for TripAdvisor, citing a recent industry study that found 67 percent of travelers say a destination's "safety and security" matter most.
“The need for better access to safety information while traveling has never been greater,” Nelson said.“For many women, members of the LGBTQ community and persons with accessibility needs — obtaining information on travel safety can be a matter of life and death.”
TRESA BALDAS | DETROIT FREE PRESS Updated 10:49 p.m. EDT May 17, 2019
Jamaica resort rape victim speaks out
The rapes of two Detroit women at a Jamaican resort has highlighted a pervasive problem on the island getaway: sexual assaults are ignored.
After two Detroit women were raped at a five-star resort in Jamaica last fall, neither had any idea how common their horror was.
They didn't know that there were scores of other victims like them. They didn't know that crimes like theirs happened at fancy hotels worldwide, or that 1,100 sexual assaults were cited last year alone in TripAdvisor reviews. That's three tourist rapes a day.
All the Detroit women knew was their terror, until a Free Press investigation revealed a more widespread problem that prompted TripAdvisor, the world's largest travel company, to change how it alerts travelers about sexual assault reports at hotels, resorts and various destinations.
In the wake of mounting public pressure and the Free Press investigation, TripAdvisor announced on Tuesday that it will now add sexual assault warnings on reviews, making it easier to find out which hotels and resorts have been cited for sex crimes at the hands of employees. Rather than have to read through tens of thousands of hotel reviews in search of sexual assault complaints, TripAdvisor users will now be able to click through a filter on each property to see whether there are any reviews with safety warnings involving rapes, robberies or druggings.
The new safety measure, which was announced on Tuesday, comes months after a Free Press investigation found that sexual assaults are a long-standing and unchecked problem in Jamaica and that several resorts have tried to cover it up. Multiple victims spoke to the paper about confidentiality agreements and payoffs by resorts, and reported their assaults on TripAdvisor — though the negative reviews were buried deep on the website and difficult to find.
Related content:
Jamaica resorts covered up sexual assaults, silenced victims for years
Resorts in Jamaica are facing a 'historic' sexual assault problem
That won't be the case anymore, says TripAdvisor, noting it did some digging of its own after the Free Press investigation and made an alarming discovery: In the last year alone, TripAdvisor found 1,100 reviews that referenced sexual assault claims by travelers worldwide.
“When your article hit, we started re-evaluating our policies," said TripAdvisor spokesman Brian Hoyt, noting the 1,100 reviews citing sexual assault raised eyebrows. "One incident is horrible — 1,100 is horrific. Having read through many of these accounts, it really motivated us at TripAdvisor to make sure we do right by these survivors and help them find a way to share this information with others."
Hoyt added: "Your article is a case study for why we are doing what we are doing."
The Free Press investigation also triggered an island-wide security audit of resorts in Jamaica, which is expected to be completed in June.
Victim speaks out
For two Detroit women whose sexual assaults in Jamaica triggered the newspaper's investigation, TripAdvisor's changes bring comfort —but not closure.
"It makes me feel good that something is being done about it. I just wish it could have been done before this situation," said one of the victims, 33, who spent six months in therapy after being raped at gunpoint by an employee at the Hotel Riu Reggae in Montego Bay last September.
This is the part that she really wants to get out — that she was raped in a five-star resort, the one place she believed she was safe.
"Be on the lookout," the woman warns other travelers. "(Crime) isn't just outside your resort. it's actually at your resort, where you feel the most comfortable."
The woman had gone to Jamaica to celebrate her birthday when on Sept. 27, at 11:15 p.m., a gunman crawled up the balcony outside her second-floor room, barged into the room and raped her and her friend. The nightmare lasted for about 15 minutes until the women got hold of the gun and shot the attacker twice before he jumped off the balcony and fled.
The suspect, who was wanted for a string of nearby rapes, was arrested, charged and pleaded guilty. He will be sentenced next month.
For his victims, life has never been the same. The Detroit mother who shot him just returned to work last month. She is still afraid of the dark, of being alone and of having doors open. She has relived the nightmare daily. The first months were the worst.
"It was rough. I had nightmares. I'd get up. And I would have night-sweats," said the woman, noting her fear and anxiety started to rub off on her 3-year-old. "She said, 'Mom, you don't have to be scared. It's okay.' "
The rapes of the Detroit women are now documented on TripAdvisor, detailed in several reviews posted by visitors who were at the same resort that night and heard the gunshots. When you click on Hotel Riu Reggae now, the safety filter shows up. The reviews citing the rapes are there.
The Detroit victim takes some comfort knowing that her ordeal shined light on the sexual violence that continues to harm women travelers, and brought about change.
"I guess I was used by God," she said. "It has to stop at some point, with somebody."
Petition demands change, gains support
Also facilitating change at TripAdvisor is the mounting public pressure over its review platform illustrated by a Change.org petition this week, demanding it make sexual assault warnings more visible to users on its website.
An estimated 500,000 people signed the petition on behalf of a woman named Kay, who said she was raped last October in the Horn of Africa by a tour guide who came with stellar reviews on TripAdvisor. The suspect has since been arrested and charged, and is awaiting trial.
After the attack, Kay tried to warn future tourists by leaving a review on the tour guide's TripAdvisor business page. But her reviews were deleted, she said, and her emails to TripAdvisor received no response for three weeks.
A petition drive followed.
"The world’s largest travel site shouldn’t recommend women hire rapists for their next vacation," Change.org said in a statement. "TripAdvisor needs to know that Kay isn’t giving up until they make meaningful changes."
TripAdvisor does not recommend or rank businesses; all of that is done by users who visit the site.
On Wednesday, Change.org officials tried to deliver Kay's signatures to TripAdvisor's office in New York, but the company refused to accept the signatures, said Juliana Britto Schwartz, an associate campaign director with Change.org.
"No one would come down," said Schwartz, who believes TripAdvisor has "some trust to rebuild with users."
Specifically, Schwartz said that TripAdvisor needs to come up with a way for sexual assault victims to anonymously report their attacks to the travel site, whether it be through a hotline, support center or staffer who talks directly to sexual assault victims. Currently, TripAdvisor only accepts first-person reviews, which critics believe scares some victims away from reporting their crimes.
In Kay's case, Schwartz said, her friends posted reviews about the alleged rape, but TripAdvisor removed them because they were secondhand. Kay's review was flagged because it was anonymous, and it took her three weeks to reach someone at TripAdvisor for help.
"There just isn’t a process and it shouldn’t take this long, " said Schwartz, who commended TripAdvisor for making some changes, but said more are needed.
"There's a piece that is missing," Schwartz said. "If survivors are dis-incentivized from reporting, then information isn’t out there for users who are trying to learn about safety while planning a trip."
TripAdvisor said it has offered to help Kay get her story out.
“We offered Kay to write a review, she turned it down," said Hoyt, TripAdvisor's spokesperson.
According to Hoyt, TripAdvisor took down Kay's first review because it was not written in the first-person, but rather in the third-person. Company policy requires that if people want to write reviews, good or bad, they have to be firsthand experiences, not someone else saying they heard "this or that'' happened to someone on vacation: that amounts to hearsay.
According to Hoyt, Kay is concerned about anonymity, though TripAdvisor has tried to accommodate those concerns, he said.
"We offered to help her set up a second anonymous profile where she could leave a nondescript review of what happened to her, and she refused that as well," Hoyt said. "We've given her multiple opportunities to write. ... If Kay wants to write a review of what happened to her, we'd let her. She has chosen not to do that."
According to Hoyt, Kay wants TripAdvisor to pull the business listing of the person she says raped her. But the company won't do that, he said, because it has a policy to list every tourism business, good or bad, and make travelers aware of what's out there.
"We have a lot of businesses that are poorly reviewed on TripAdvisor and they would love to get pulled. But we have a policy that every business that's open be listed," Hoyt said. "If we pulled bad businesses off the site, it would enable them to operate in the shadows without any transparency."
Related: Jamaica audits resorts in wake of sexual assault scandal
New Jamaica travel alert
The Free Press investigation into tourist sexual assaults started out as a crime story about two Detroit women who said they were raped at gunpoint at a Jamaican resort last fall, but weren't believed by resort staff and police. The gunman was caught and charged — he was wanted for multiple rapes in a nearby parish — though police initially painted the case as a sex-romp gone wrong. Jamaican tourism and police officials also maintained it was an isolated incident and that sexual assaults rarely happen there.
State Department data told a different story: From 2011-17, 78 Americans reported being raped in Jamaica — that's roughly one U.S. citizen raped a month. The victims include a Michigan woman who said she was gang raped by three resort lifeguards, her teenage friend who said she lost her virginity to a resort rapist, a Georgia mother who said she was sexually assaulted in the water by a resort employee and an au pair who said she was drugged and raped at a resort.
The State Department also has issued numerous travel alerts warning tourists about Jamaica, the most recent one in April, which states: "Exercise increased caution in Jamaica due to crime. ... Sexual assaults occur frequently, including at all-inclusive resorts."
But the details of the assaults inside the gated resorts were hard to come by. The State Department wouldn’t release specifics. Jamaican police and tourism officials were evasive.
So the Free Press spent weeks digging through U.S. court dockets and tens of thousands of reviews on TripAdvisor, where it plugged in search terms like “rape,” “assault,” and “sexual assault” to see whether any hotel or resort had been flagged for such crimes.
Though hard to find, the stories were there. Buried within the mountain of reviews, here is some of what we found:
- An 18-year-old au pair vacationing in Jamaica with a West Virginia family said she was drugged and raped at the Sandals-owned Beaches Negril Resort and Spa on July 4, and the resort did nothing to help her. “This resort is not a safe place for women and children,” she wrote in a lengthy TripAdvisor review before talking to the Free Press.
- The West Virginia mother also took to Trip Advisor to vent and warn others about what happened to her au pair, writing: "My 18-year-old (au pair) was given a drink directly from the bartender at Club Liquid. It was drugged. She was then taken to a bathroom by another 'guest' and raped. CHOKED. SCRATCHED and RAPED." The woman ended up removing the review after receiving notification from TripAdvisor that it had been “flagged” by another user. A Sandals payout followed: the woman and her husband received $25,000 in exchange for them signing a nondisclosure agreement , promising not to ever discuss the incident or post about it on social media.
- An Atlanta mother who went to Montego Bay to celebrate her 50th birthday said she was sexually assaulted while in the ocean by a Sunscape Splash resort employee. “The water was up to my neck. I was very nervous so he kept telling me to relax … he began touching me very inappropriately, even though I said "no" he continued,” she wrote in her TripAdvisor review. She said the resort staff manipulated her into not pressing charges, warning her the criminal process would be lengthy and expensive, and convincing her to "go home and forget about it." Sunscape Splash did not respond to requests for comment, though the company responded to the Georgia woman’s review on TripAdvisor, stating: "The safety of our guests is always our top priority ... Please reach out .... for me to better address your specific concerns."
- A Kansas City woman who said she was sexually assaulted during a sailing excursion by a Sandals Ochi Beach Resort employee in October 2017. She alleges the resort rushed her into signing a nondisclosure agreement in exchange for a $4,500 trip. "I said, 'Do I need to make a police report?' They said, 'No. You don't need to do that. We'll take care of everything.' "
- A North Carolina couple whose honeymoon was ruined after a Sandals resort dancer named 'Showtime' allegedly sexually assaulted the wife on the dance floor, putting his hand up her dress, grabbing her genitalia and then forcing her hand on his private part to show his arousal. Sandals gave them a replacement, seven-night trip "as a goodwill gesture" and a complimentary couple's massage. In return, the couple signed legal forms releasing Sandals from any liability.
- A woman in Minnesota wrote that she was sexually assaulted by a hotel employee at an unnamed all-inclusive hotel, but that her attacker was fired after she reported the incident. "I called the U.S. Embassy and they took my matter seriously. I had a bit of victim blaming by locals but am glad I reported it nonetheless," the woman wrote in a Nov. 1 TripAdvisor review. "I recommend caution even inside resorts — and do not ever walk around alone."
- In the spring of 2014, a British mother claimed the management at Beaches Negril failed to call the police about the attempted rape of her 18-year-old daughter during a wedding trip. The suspect was a Sandals employee, but management allegedly told her, "Our hands were tied. Your daughter didn't want anyone to know." The mother demanded accountability. But after months of phone calls and emails to Sandals, the woman said Sandals offered her family three nights free accommodation at their resorts, but with a confidentiality clause. She called Sandals "despicable." Three weeks later, the Breathless resort responded: "It is both concerning and alarming to read the details of your experience which is not reflective of the kind of experience we aim to and are known to provide valued guests such as you." The outcome of that case is not known. Breathless did not respond to requests for comment.
- In 2016, a Canadian traveler wrote that an entertainer who worked at the Grand Bahia Principe resort in Jamaica sexually assaulted her during a family trip in 2016. But the resort worker kept his job despite her complaint, she wrote on TripAdvisor, stating the resort "did absolutely nothing about this incident" and did not return her calls after she returned home. Grand Bahia Principe responded to the allegation on TripAdvisor, stating in 2016: "We're surprised and concerned by your comments you have reported. We do sincerely apologize for any issues in your vacation and we will be sure to forward your concerns to our management team to investigate this matter." Grand Bahia Principe did not return calls seeking comment.
TripAdvisor not new to controversy Safety and Security matter most
TripAdvisor has long maintained that it is a transparent, informational travel platform that for decades has helped people plan vacations using others' reviews — good and bad. However, it caters to travelers and businesses alike: Travelers can post negative reviews, and businesses are encouraged to respond.
The review platform, however, has triggered much controversy in recent years.
In 2017, TripAdvisor apologized to a Texas woman for deleting her review that detailed her rape by a security guard at a Mexican resort. TripAdvisor said the review was removed because it contained graphic language that violated community standards, but that it has since been reloaded on the website and that no reviews alleging sexual assault have been taken down.
TripAdvisor's apology followed a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel investigation that revealed how TripAdvisor had deleted reviews from travelers reporting alcohol-related blackouts, rapes, injuries and deaths while vacationing at resorts in Mexico.
TripAdvisor has maintained that it did not delete any actual first-person reviews, but rather only took down comments that were posted in forums for violating various community standards that no longer exist.
"We understand that traveler needs and safety concerns will continue to evolve, and our platform will, too," said TripAdvisor President Lindsay Nelson. "We also recognize that we won’t always get it right, but we will continue to ask for feedback from our community and make changes as we go."
Nelson said informing travelers about safety issues is a top priority for TripAdvisor, citing a recent industry study that found 67 percent of travelers say a destination's "safety and security" matter most.
“The need for better access to safety information while traveling has never been greater,” Nelson said.“For many women, members of the LGBTQ community and persons with accessibility needs — obtaining information on travel safety can be a matter of life and death.”
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